Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been thrust into the spotlight — bringing with it a host of phrases, acronyms, and concepts that, until recently, were hardly used outside of computer science.
It’s fast becoming essential to have an understanding of these terms. If this new lexicon’s overwhelming you, don’t worry — we’ve got your back. Here’s your pocket dictionary of the most common, need-to-know terms in artificial intelligence.
50+ AI terms and phrases to know
1. Algorithm
An algorithm is a set of rules a computer must follow while executing operations. Algorithms tell a computer how to act in various situations.
Combining multiple algorithms allows applications to perform more sophisticated tasks without human intervention. For example, a chatbot can use algorithms to suggest products based on a shopper’s purchase history or route customers to a specific human agent whose specialty best matches the incoming question.
2. Amazon Lex
Amazon Lex is Amazon’s service for building voice and text CUIs (see conversational user interface). This is the technology that powers the Alexa voice assistant.
3. Application programming interface (API)
An application programming interface is a set of procedures that allows an application to be accessed by another service.
Think of APIs as the technology that powers plug-ins (such as Grammarly). If an API doesn’t exist, the program can’t be used on another site.
4. Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
Artificial general intelligence is a hypothetical kind of AI that's capable of understanding and learning any task that humans perform.
No AGI currently exists today — it's all considered narrow AI.
5. Artificial intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to perform tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence. Examples of AI include understanding human text and speech, detecting and translating languages, and creating personalized recommendations.
6. Bard
Bard was Google’s original version of an AI-powered chat designed to rival OpenAI’s ChatGPT. The bot was built using the Language Model for Dialogue Applications (see LaMDA), then moved to the Pathways Language Model (see PaLM), and later used Gemini.
Placing AI-generated responses to requests directly into Google search results, Bard was widely released in May 2023 and rebranded as Gemini in February 2024.
7. Bias
In machine learning, bias occurs when an algorithm's result is changed in favor of or against a given idea. Bias is a systematic error that takes place because of incorrect assumptions in an algorithm.
For example, if the algorithm only had information on apples and no other fruit, it would assume that the apple is the only type of fruit. Because of bias, AI tools like chatbots are more likely to give certain responses over others, even when those answers may be false.
8. Big data
Big data is the name given to enormous data sets that are too large to process using traditional computing. Through data mining, powerful AI software can analyze these large databases to identify patterns and draw conclusions.
Access to big data lets AI solutions grow more intelligent and deliver more human-like interactions.
9. Bing AI
Bing AI is a chatbot that was released by Microsoft in February 2023. Based on GPT-4, Bing AI offers conversational answers to traditional search engine questions. The chatbot currently has over 100M active users and is a direct competitor to Google’s Bard.
10. Black box
Black box describes an AI system whose inner workings are impossible to view. Humans can’t find out how black box AI comes to a specific decision — only inputs and outputs can be observed.
For instance, ChatGPT is an example of an AI black box. It’s impossible to tell which answer it will give and why it gives any specific answer over another.
11. Chatbot
A chatbot is a computer program that simulates human conversation. Chatbots can be used in a variety of ways, but in terms of customer support, they often act as a virtual assistant answering customer FAQs.
Different chatbots have different capabilities — with the most advanced versions capable of more sophisticated tasks like detecting buying intent and even recommending products to shoppers based on location, demographic data, or purchase history.
12. ChatGPT
Short for Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, ChatGPT is a chatbot released by OpenAI in November 2022 that became popular because of its ability to give detailed, natural responses to a wide range of prompts.
Get a comprehensive look at ChatGPT’s role in customer support — including its potential uses and limitations — in our blog post, What Does ChatGPT Mean for the Future of Customer Service?
13. Claude
Claude is a chatbot developed by Anthropic that launched in March 2023. Anthropic emphasizes that Claude is meant to be an ethical chatbot, using something called constitutional AI to provide outputs that are helpful, harmless, and honest.
In March 2024, Anthropic debuted Claude 3 Opus, a newer, more powerful model for its chatbot that outperformed GPT-4 and Gemini in benchmark tests.
14. Clustering
Clustering is the organization of data by AI into subgroups that contain certain common elements. It's useful for finding additional answers to similar questions.
15. Conversational AI
Conversational AI is a type of technology, like a chatbot, that simulates human conversation, making it possible for users to interact with and talk to it.
Learn all the differences between chatbots and conversational AI in our Chatbot vs Conversational AI blog post.
16. Conversational SMS
Conversational SMS is a text messaging system that allows customers and businesses to have natural, personalized two-way interactions. These conversations can be facilitated by either AI or human agents.
17. Conversational user interface (CUI)
A conversational user interface (also known as CUI or Conversational UI) is what allows computers to mimic conversations with real humans. These interfaces use Natural Language Processing (see below) to interpret incoming voice or text and reply with a response.
The two primary types of CUIs are voice assistants (like Siri and Alexa) and chatbots.
18. Data mining
Data mining is the analysis of large databases to generate new information. Through data mining, AI tools become more effective at solving a wider variety of problems.
19. Decision tree
A decision tree is a structure of responses that help a chatbot give specific answers to customer questions. By asking a series of questions, known as branches, chatbots can use a decision tree to narrow down a customer's goal.
20. Deep learning
Deep learning is a type of machine learning in which multiple layers of networks are used to train algorithms using large data sets. As opposed to traditional machine learning, deep learning can understand unstructured data more effectively, often leading to higher-quality results.
21. Deepfake
A deepfake is a video of someone in which their face has been altered by AI to make them look like another person.
Deepfakes are often used maliciously to defame or spread misinformation about a person.
22. Emergent behavior
Also known as emergence, emergent behavior occurs when an AI system does something surprising or more complex than it was programmed to do. Emergence can be either dangerous or beneficial, but it’s always unexpected and difficult to predict.
Picture a flock of birds moving together in an intricate pattern — no single bird is directing them, yet they collectively create elaborate formations. This is emergent behavior.
23. Evolutionary algorithm
An evolutionary algorithm (EA) uses mechanisms inspired by nature — think survival of the fittest — to solve problems better. Chatbots that use EAs test out and compare different possible responses to a question to determine the optimal way to answer a prompt.
24. Explainable AI (XAI)
Explainable AI refers to transparent systems that let people oversee how decisions or predictions are made by AI. XAI is the opposite of black box AI, whose inner workings aren’t easy to understand.
XAI is also known as interpretable AI or explainable machine learning (XML).
25. Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on varying degrees of truth as opposed to a binary true or false approach. Whenever chatbots have to respond to unclear or vague instructions, those built to incorporate fuzzy logic will come up with better, more natural responses.
26. Gemini
Gemini, known as Bard until February 2024, is Google’s generative AI chatbot. Many see it as a top rival to OpenAI’s ChatGPT.
It’s powered by a large language model (LLM) of the same name, which was unveiled in December 2023 and serves as the successor to LaMDA.
27. Generative AI
Generative AI is an umbrella term for any artificial intelligence that can create new content (like text or images) using the data it was trained on. This is different from “traditional” AI, which uses patterns to make predictions.
ChatGPT and Bard are examples of advanced generative AI. What makes this technology appealing is that it can produce content that is indistinguishable from that created by humans — allowing people to have natural conversations.
Meanwhile, traditional AI is typically used in technology like the bubble tree. In this example, users can only select from a limited number of pre-defined options, with the program trying to ultimately predict your end need based on a series of prompts (like an elaborate game of 21 Questions).
To see how generative AI is transforming customer service, sign up for our interactive webinar, Generative AI in Customer Support: Benefits & Practical Applications.
28. Generative AI chatbot
A generative AI chatbot is a type of chatbot powered by AI models that enable it to create unique responses in real time. Unlike rule-based chatbots that rely on predefined scripts, generative AI chatbots can come up with their own replies that are more varied, contextually relevant, and conversational.
29. GPT-4
Short for Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4, GPT-4 is a language model released by OpenAI in March 2023 capable of producing human-like responses. It serves as the basis of ChatGPT.
It performs at a much higher level than its predecessor, GPT-3.
30. GPT-4o
Officially named GPT-4 Omni, GPT-4o is is a language model announced by OpenAI in May 2024. Capable of processing and generating text, images, and audio, GPT-4o is expected to perform twice as fast as GPT-4.
31. Grok
Grok is a generative AI chatbot developed by xAI, which was founded by Elon Musk. Released in beta in November 2023, Grok has been dubbed the anti-woke chatbot since xAI has programmed it to answer questions on any topic and has given it “a rebellious streak.”
32. Grounding
Grounding is the process of determining how factual a response generated by a chatbot actually is. Generative AI chatbots can deliver convincing answers — even when they’re wrong — so companies need to ground responses to ensure high levels of accuracy.
33. Guardrails
Guardrails are rules that limit the actions AI can take or the answers it can give users. They ensure AI handles data properly and doesn’t generate false or unethical content.
For businesses, guardrails help prevent AI hallucinations and ensure chatbots deliver answers that are accurate and on-brand.
34. Hallucinate
Hallucinating occurs when a chatbot provides a nonsensical, irrelevant, or blatantly false answer. AI chatbots hallucinate due to limitations in their training data or LLM (see large language model).
Think of the most bizarre, least helpful answers you’ve received from a chatbot — those are hallucinations.
FUN FACT: Concerns over the accuracy of AI-generated answers prompted both the Cambridge Dictionary and Dictionary.com to name 'hallucinate' as their 2023 Word of the Year.
35. Heuristic
A heuristic is a problem-solving technique that’s meant to quickly find an acceptable solution when picking an optimal solution is too time-consuming. AI tools use heuristic shortcuts to determine the best decision based on available data.
36. Intent
Intent is the goal a human has when interacting with a machine. When a customer asks a chatbot about the location of their package, for example, a powerful AI tool would be able to recognize the user’s intent as obtaining information about their order status.
By correctly identifying a user’s intent, a chatbot can generate specific responses tailored to a person’s unique needs, helping them accomplish a particular task more quickly.
37. Interactive voice response (IVR)
Interactive voice response technology allows telephone users to speak with a computer-operated system that recognizes what they’re saying
Anytime you call a business and receive an automated reply presenting a pre-recorded menu of options, you’re interacting with an IVR system.
38. Knowledge base (KB)
A knowledge base is a set of data available for a program to draw on to perform a task or give a response. The larger the knowledge base an AI application has access to, the wider the range of problems it can solve.
It’s important to note that an AI program can only pull from the knowledge base it was given. For many online companies, an FAQ page serves as the basis for their knowledge base.
39. Language model (LM)
A language model is a neural network trained to generate sentences. By looking at a question, previously selected words, and even grammar cues (such as optimal character count), it creates a response designed to mimic human speech.
Generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT and Bard, use language models to create unique, rephrased answers to questions. This way, users get the same information without receiving cookie-cutter responses.
"Language models lie at the heart of AI. They’re what computers use to summarize information, translate text, analyze user sentiment, and more."
- Michał Partyka, VP of Engineering, Zowie
40. LaMDA
Short for Language Model for Dialogue Applications, LaMDA is a group of conversational language models developed by Google in 2021. The LaMDA name is also given to a chatbot built using these models.
In 2022, LaMDA grew in popularity after a Google engineer claimed the chatbot had become sentient.
41. Large language model (LLM)
A large language model is a deep-learning algorithm that recognizes and generates content after training on massive amounts of data. The larger the data set is, the more effective a language model will be at understanding, translating, and predicting text.
Robust LLMs are why chatbots like ChatGPT can deliver impressive responses to a wide range of topics.
42. Machine learning (ML)
Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves teaching computers to perform new tasks without requiring explicit programming.
Thanks to machine learning, chatbots can self-improve without constant human maintenance and identify additional questions to automate on their own.
43. Narrow AI
Narrow AI is a kind of technology that uses a learning algorithm to perform a single task that humans can do. Narrow AI tools can't apply any knowledge gained from the execution of one task to others.
All AI in existence today is narrow.
44. Natural language generation (NLG)
NLG is a subset of NLP that focuses on the outputs a chatbot gives to people.
NLG determines how logical, appropriate, and human-like a chatbot’s replies are.
45. Natural language processing (NLP)
Natural language processing is a program’s ability to interpret written and spoken human language. It allows computers to understand what people are saying, including their tone and intent.
Natural language processing is what enables chatbots to detect how a customer feels or what they’re trying to achieve, whether they’re frustrated and want to complain or simply trying to complete a purchase.
Find out how NLP can be leveraged in customer service in our blog post, How Does an NLP Chatbot Actually Work?
46. Natural language understanding (NLU)
NLU is a subset of NLP concerned with how well a chatbot comprehends the meaning behind the words people are using.
NLU is how accurately an AI tool takes the words it’s given and converts them into messages a chatbot can recognize.
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47. Neural network
A neural network is a computer system that’s modeled after the human brain. A building block of many AI models, these networks are designed to learn from data, recognize patterns, and make predictions.
48. OpenAI
OpenAI is an AI research laboratory that developed GPT-4 and ChatGPT. Based out of San Francisco, OpenAI was founded in 2015 by a group that includes current CEO Sam Altman, Peter Thiel, and Elon Musk.
"ChatGPT is incredibly limited, but good enough at some things to create a misleading impression of greatness."
- Sam Altman, OpenAI CEO
49. PaLM
Short for Pathways Language Model, PaLM is a large language model developed by Google AI in 2022 that rivals GPT-4 in its ability to generate human-like responses.
It succeeded LaMDA as the basis for Google’s Bard chatbot but has since been replaced by Gemini.
50. Paramaters
Parameters are variables that an AI model learns during training. They act as internal preferences that are used to form new replies.
For AI chatbots, examples of parameters include specific words or past conversations. These serve as settings that decide what the bot says, and developers can adjust them until the bot responds the way they want it to.
51. Predictive analytics
Predictive analytics is the application of AI to collect and use data to predict future trends and events.
An example of predictive analytics in business is Netflix's algorithm that's capable of recommending additional shows and movies to watch based on a person's viewing history.
Check out 5 Ways to Use Predictive Analytics in Customer Service to see how your business can apply this technology.
52. Programming language
A programming language is a code that software developers use to write computer programs and instructions. Just like you can’t have written words without the alphabet, you can’t have computer programs without a programming language.
Popular languages include Python, JavaScript, and C/C++.
53. Prompt
A prompt is an instruction given to an AI program that determines the content it generates.
Clearer and more specific prompts can help generative AI tools create higher-quality responses.
54. Pruning
Pruning is the process of removing parts of an AI model to make it more efficient.
Pruning can make AI smaller, simpler, and require less computing power without adversely impacting its performance.
55. Rufus
Rufus is Amazon’s generative AI shopping assistant that is meant to answer customer questions on products, compare items, and make recommendations. Launched in beta in February 2024, Rufus is gradually being rolled out to more Amazon customers.
56. Self-service AI
Self-service AI describes customer service tools that use AI to automate customer interactions.
Self-service platforms let shoppers handle many tasks, such as getting order status, making payments, and asking for a refund, without needing a human support agent.
57. Sora
Sora is a text-to-video AI model unveiled by OpenAI in February 2024. It can generate videos based on written prompts, extend existing videos forward or backward, and create videos from still images.
As of March 2024, Sora has yet to be released for public use.
58. Speech recognition
Speech recognition, also known as voice recognition, is the process of training a computer to understand and respond to human speech. Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are all examples of AI-powered speech recognition applications.
59. Temperature
Temperature is a setting in generative AI that controls how random or creative responses can be. When the temperature is low, an AI model gives safer, more predictable outputs.
On the other hand, when the temperature is high, the model is encouraged to take more risks and give more surprising answers — that may also be nonsensical or off-topic.
60. Token
A token is a sequence of characters or a piece of a word that a chatbot can process to interpret what a human user is saying. Reading tokens instead of entire words makes it easier for chatbots to understand what a user writes, even if misspellings or foreign languages are present.
For example, if someone writes weress my odrer?, advanced chatbots leveraging tokens can piece together and accurately respond to this question.
61. Turing test
Designed by Alan Turing in 1950, the Turing test is a test of a computer’s ability to display intelligence that is indistinguishable from human intelligence.
While the test is not without criticism, it’s still regarded as an important tool in determining an AI tool’s power.
62. Vector database
A vector database is a specialized database used in AI applications to help computers efficiently find and analyze different kinds of information.
This kind of database handles vector data, groups of numbers representing things like images, text, and audio. This complex information makes them extremely useful in product recommendation, picture recognition, and language comprehension.
63. X2
X2 is a generative AI engine built by Zowie specifically for ecommerce.
X2 powers the Zowie Chatbot, giving businesses full control over their generative AI. With X2, businesses can decide when to use scripted replies and when to deploy generative AI for more natural conversations. In contrast, less specialized AI can't offer this level of flexibility.
Stay ahead of the curve
AI is ever-evolving, and we created this glossary to serve as a living document. We encourage you to bookmark this page and check back regularly for any updates.
If you still have questions about AI’s role in customer service, one of our automation experts will be happy to walk you through it. Schedule a call today.
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